![]() Proof of the true pluripotent nature of ES cells is teratoma formation. ES cells have the ability to be maintained for long (theoretically indefinite) culture periods, therefore potentially providing large amounts of cells for tissues that could not be derived directly from a tissue source. A range of cell types can now be combined with scaffolds to produce tissue engineered constructs the merits of the choice of stem cells is discussed below.ĮS cells could allow the production of type-matched tissues for each patient, either through stem cell banking or by the use of therapeutic cloning. The source of cells is also an important choice for scaffolds, as is the culture regime used ( Francioli et al. Furthermore, different cell types react to different materials for example, different scaffold materials produced different levels of glycos-amino glycans in tissue engineered cartilage ( Freed et al. Nano to microscale topography has been demonstrated to affect cell behaviour by modification of cytoskeleton arrangements ( Meredith et al. Scaffold architecture has been shown to modify the response of cells and subsequent tissue formation, as demonstrated by the generation of mineralization fronts in specific regions of scaffolds ( Ripamonti, 2004). The manor in which a cell type and scaffolding are combined should be carefully matched for purpose as it has been demonstrated that composition, topography and architecture of scaffolds are able to interact and influence cell behaviour. These two approaches are not mutually exclusive and can be easily combined. This strategy involves the scaffold being combined with growth factors, so upon implantation cells from the body are recruited to the scaffold site and form tissue upon and throughout the matrices. The second approach involves using the scaffold as a growth factor/drug delivery device. First, scaffolding can be used as a cell support device upon which cells are seeded in vitro cells are then encouraged to lay down matrix to produce the foundations of a tissue for transplantation. Two main approaches are utilized in this area to produce engineered tissue. Overview of tissue engineering strategies In this review we introduce some of the components and strategies that are currently in development with a bias toward some of the work within our group. 2006), offering hope for more complex tissue engineered procedures in the future.Īlthough basic functional tissue engineered strategies have been key there is still considerable scope for future developments of cell sources, individually tailored cell supports, immune modulation, vascularization, and the predictive abilities of computer and mathematical modelling for more complex materials. However, some larger and more complex tissue reconstructions, notably the bladder, have been successfully performed ( Atala et al. 1999) as well as skin cell sheets for damaged skin ( Hernon et al. ![]() Currently, simpler procedures are more successful and include using primary chondrocytes for the replacement of damaged cartilage ( Brittberg et al. Therefore, inclusion of modifying factors such as biologically active proteins and DNA are critical to success. Tissue engineering/regenerative medicine strategies require interaction and integration with tissue and cells through incorporation of appropriate physical and cellular signals. ![]() This utilizes scaffold matrices to fill the tissue void, to provide structural support and to deliver growth factors and/or cells that have the ability to form tissues within the body upon transplantation. Tissue engineering, as viewed today, is ‘an interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function or a whole organ’ ( Langer & Vacanti, 1993).
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